Medical Practitioners in Medieval Europe: Physicians Surgeons Apothecaries and Midwives
Medieval European healthcare was delivered by overlapping practitioners: university-trained physicians, surgeons, barber-surgeons, apothecaries, midwives…
Pharmacy and Pharmacology in the Medieval Islamic World
Pharmacy in the medieval Islamic world developed through urban drug markets, hospitals, formularies, pharmacological writing, trade, and sometimes…
Dioscorides and De Materia Medica: Plants Drugs and Transmission
Dioscorides was a first-century Greek medical writer whose five-book De materia medica described hundreds of plant, animal, and mineral substances and…
Herbal Medicine in the Ancient World: Texts Trade and Evidence
Herbal medicine in the ancient world was not one tradition: households and specialists across Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas used plants as foods…
The History of Medication and Pharmacy: From Materia Medica to Modern Drugs
The history of medication and pharmacy begins with people selecting and preparing substances for healing, then develops through materia medica, specialist…
Remedies in Medieval Europe: Materia Medica and Beliefs
Medieval European remedies included diet, regimen, plant and mineral preparations, animal substances, compound drugs, prayer, charms, bloodletting…
Galen: Medicine Experiment and Centuries of Influence
Galen of Pergamon was a second-century Greek physician, anatomist, prolific author, and public intellectual whose works shaped medicine across Byzantine…
Hippocrates: Life Legend and Medical Legacy
Hippocrates of Cos was a Greek physician associated with the fifth and early fourth centuries BCE, but reliable facts about his life are sparse.
Medieval Medicine: Europe Byzantium and the Islamic World
Medieval medicine was a connected but unequal world of household care, religious healing, learned texts, hospitals, courts, markets, and emerging…
Medicine in the 1900s: A Century of Drugs Technology and Public Health
Medicine in the 1900s was transformed by vaccines, hormones, antibiotics, blood banking, safer anesthesia, imaging, intensive care, transplantation…